Cultural differences and job performance in container shipping: a social exchange theory perspective

Drawing on the social exchange theory, objective of this study is to examine employees’ perceptions cultural differences container shipping companies and its impact job performance. We also examined role leadership in relationship between Survey data collected from 740 employees six different countries including UK, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Mainland China, Taiwan. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted. Results indicated that transformational national with respect uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, long-term orientation positively influenced performance, whereas power distance masculinity negatively influence Specifically, research finds plays a moderating relationships culture Implications for theory practices were discussed.